Some years ago, while studying how Hammondsport experienced the First World War, I read through all the 1917-1918 issues of the Hammondsport Herald. I was puzzled to see that while there was much discussion of the so-called Spanish influenza, the Hammondsport region appeared to have been spared any deaths.
While this was possible, it also seemed to be awfully unlikely. By some calculations, this global pandemic killed one human being out of every twenty on earth. It was one of the greatest natural disasters ever, killing as many (or more) in four months than the Great War did in four years. It was a catastrophe on a par with the “Black Death,” or Native America’s population crash under European diseases. The Curtiss plant with its hundreds of overcrowded employees, and officials visiting from around the world, meant that the flu surely hit Hammondsport hard.
I later learned that information about the flu was often kept quiet — either because the whole thing was feared to be German biological warfare, or at least to prevent the enemy from learning how debilitated our forces might be.
Of course the Germans were suffering just as badly, and behaving with equal suspicion. This helps explain why the flu unfairly became Spanish. Spain was the only large neutral country in Europe, and so the only one without censorship — lots of flu news came from Spain, while everyone else was playing it close to the vest.
Also making it hard to sort out information is the fact that death certificates often specified pneumonia as the cause, which was functionally accurate, but ignores the fact that the pneumonia had been caused by the flu. The whole secrecy thing may also have encouraged pneumonia diagnoses.
Having had no luck in 1997 with the Hammondsport Herald, in 2014 I struck it rich with the Steuben Advocate, one of two weekly papers in Bath at the time and since merged with the Courier. Like today’s paper, the Advocate covered a wide circulation area, including Hammondsport.
There were two major spikes of the disease, one in early 1918 and another, even deadlier, in August through November. I looked particularly at the period which seemed worst locally — the issues of October 16, October 23, and October 30.
Screening out deaths from military causes, and deaths that were obviously not flu-related, I totted up the deaths reported in these three issues of the weekly paper, and I found deaths ascribed to:
Pneumonia 25
Influenza 14
Unstated 42
Or 81 deaths, not counting those excluded above. (In some cases these were local folks who had died elsewhere.)
By comparison, in 2014 the last three October issues of the Courier listed 11 deaths.
During this period of 1918 schools closed in Bath, Avoca, Corning, Hammondsport, Savona, and parts of Wheeler. Churches canceled services in Avoca, Corning, Prattsburgh, Corning, and South Bradford.
In Mount Morris, horse-drawn scrapers were digging graves for multiple burials. Dansville and Bath were reported as being hit hard.
Public places were closed in the Corning area, where about 3500 became ill and at least 72 died. Emergency hospitals were set up at Corning Glass Works and in Painted Post… the latter unit supervised by Ingersoll-Rand.
Hammondsport school children were ordered to stay on their own premises under pain of arrest. Quarantined families were kept alive by neighbors leaving food on doorstep. Churches and lodges were asked to close — BUT a suggestion to close saloons and pool rooms “met no response.” One newspaper grumpily observed that the government’s call to conserve coal conflicted with the government’s advice to keep warm and avoid the flu.
Although cases would continue for months, the worst outbreak tailed off so quickly it was almost bewildering… perhaps due as much to mutation in the virus as it was to the quarantine. By November 6, the Hammondsport flu quarantine was lifted (November 8 in Bath), just in time for jubilant crowds to celebrate the Armistice, on the eleventh day of that eleventh month.
Tag Archives: 1918
The Spanish Flu Devastated Our Region (and the World) A Hundred Years Ago
Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote that the first two things built by any new community, no matter how optimistic, are a jail and a burying ground.
*That’s pretty much what happened in Bath. Charles Williamson started clearing ground to make a town in 1793, and that same year made the first burial – his 7 year-old daughter Christian – in what became the Pioneer Burying Ground.
*Christian died of “Genesee Fever” – probably malaria. And ever since, from time to time, waves of sickness have flowed over our region, hollowing out families and communities.
*One late-19th century family in North Cohocton had four children, and lost them all in one horrible January. In September they had another child, and she died within weeks. Who knows how they had the heart, but the couple later had five more children, all of whom lived to adulthood.)
*Cholera swept through from time to time, leaving high death tolls in its wake.
*But the worst epidemic was no doubt the Spanish influenza, which concentrated in 1918, the last year of the Great War. It seemed to spring from nowhere, and was suddenly scything down people in thousands. Men and women who woke up feeling fine had died in agony before sundown.
*It wasn’t Spanish, but with nearly every country at war, neutral Spain was the only large western European nation without censorship. News flowed freely from Spain, while other countries tried to keep the lid on, and Spain got harnessed (unfairly) to one of the worst pandemics in human history.
*This was a war of technological innovation, including various forms of gas warfare. When the new influenza’s death-dealing potency was recognized, many governments and militaries on both sides feared that this was biological warfare from their enemies. They restricted information.
*Even once medical personnel were pretty well satisfied that this was not germ warfare, neither side wanted the other to know how weak it had suddenly become. Regiments became unable to take up arms, and ships’ companies unable to sail. Information was still restricted.
*A century later, it’s still remembered only obscurely. The Spanish influenza rates with the Black Death of the Middle Ages, and the horrendous die-off of Native Americans exposed to new diseases from the Old World.
*Spanish Flu killed as many people in four months as the Great War killed in four years. But the war loomed so huge, and so traumatically, that it overshadowed the worst health crisis of the modern age.
*Perhaps too no one wanted to look back. Ninety percent of the War deaths were fighting men. But the flu snatched children from their mothers’ arms, or turned beloved parents into sparse dim memories. The fact that people prefered remembering World War One, rather than the Flu, tells us how horrendous the Flu really was.
*Right here where we are, Corning Glass Works operated a makeshift hospital for its workers. So did Ingersoll Rand, in Painted Post. In Mount Morris they used horse-drawn equipment to dig multiple graves.
*In Hammondsport children were ordered to stay on their own properties, under pain of arrest. Quarantined families were kept alive by neighbors leaving food on their doorsteps. Schools and churches closed in Avoca, Bradford, Wheeler, Hammondsport, Dansville, Bath.
*In a 27-week period Buffalo registered over 3000 deaths from influenza or pneumonia, and Rochester almost 1500. Put another way, Rochester’s 1918 death rate from those two causes was four times what it had been in either ’15 or ’16, and Buffalo’s was even higher. Statewide New York was more than triple.
*The worst of it burned out pretty quickly, perhaps because of the disease mutating – which was good news, since there was no preventive, and no treatment beyond palliating the symptoms until the caregivers fell ill themselves. Two good books on the subject are “American’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918” by Alfred W. Crosby and “Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World” by Laura Spinney.
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Epidemics, or at least strong local outbreaks of illness… cholera, diphtheria, and dysentery among them… occurred pretty frequently in our county’s history. But numbers are hard to sort out, and even if you had them, those numbers would need to be compared against a constantly-changing total population before we could get a feel for how things stood relatively. But it’s probably safe to say that the worst outbreak of disease was the 1918 “Spanish Influenza” pandemic, which may have killed one human being out of every twenty on earth. It was one of the greatest natural disasters ever, killing as many (or more) in four months as the Great War did in four years. It was a catastrophe on a par with the “Black Death,” or Native America’s population crash under European diseases. But probably BECAUSE it was so close to the war, it’s been almost forgotten.
*There were two major spikes of the disease, one in early 1918 and another, even deadlier, in August through November. I looked particularly at the period which seemed worst locally, in last three weekly Advocate issues for October.
*Screening out deaths from military causes, and deaths that were obviously not flu-related, I totted up the deaths reported in these issues, and I found deaths ascribed to:
*Pneumonia 25 (usually due to flu)
*Influenza 14
*Unstated 42
*Or 81 deaths, not counting those excluded above.
*By contrast, in 2014 the last three October issues of the Courier listed 11 deaths.
*During this period of 1918 schools closed in Bath, Avoca, Corning, Hammondsport, Savona, and parts of Wheeler. Churches canceled services in Avoca, Corning, Prattsburgh, and South Bradford.
*In Mount Morris, horse-drawn scrapers dug graves for multiple burials. Dansville and Bath were reported as being hit hard.
*Public places were closed in the Corning area, where about 3500 became ill and something like 70 died. Emergency hospitals were set up in Corning and Painted Post… the latter unit supervised by Ingersoll-Rand.
*Such hospitals couldn’t do much, in fact. Even today, we can’t cure even a single viral disease.
*Hammondsport school children were ordered to stay on their own premises under pain of arrest. Quarantined families were kept alive by neighbors leaving food on doorsteps. Churches and lodges were asked to close.
*Although cases would continue for months, the worst outbreak tailed off so quickly it was bewildering… perhaps due as much to mutation in the virus as it was to the quarantine. By November 6, the Hammondsport flu quarantine was lifted (November 8 in Bath), just in time for jubilant crowds to celebrate the Armistice, on the eleventh day of that eleventh month.
*This flu acted with horrifying speed — people who woke up hale died in agony before sunset… although you could suffer far longer than that, and of course many patients did in fact survive. Bewlideringly, the flu seemed to strike hard at younger people — such as men of military age — while leaving older folks mostly untouched — a reversal of the usual situation with influenza.
*New York’s health commissioner nailed it at the time from studying the demographics… this flu was a more virulent variant of a flu that come come through decades earlier, so many older folks, having contracted the earlier mild form, had an immunity. He even figured which previous outbreak this had been, and his analysis has been confirmed by modern scientific studies.
*Why Spanish? With much of the world at war, each side feared that this unprecedentedly deadly disease was germ warfare from the other side… and even if it WASN’T, they didn’t want the enemy to know how badly they were affected. Neutral Spain was one of the few good-sized western countries without censorship, so a lot of information and news came from Spain, and the rest is (slightly misleading) history.
Spanish Flu Devastated Our Area, Almost a Hundred Years Ago
Some years ago, while studying how Hammondsport experienced the First World War, I read through all the 1917-1918 issues of the Hammondsport Herald. I was puzzled to see that while there was much discussion of the so-called Spanish influenza, the Hammondsport region appeared to have been spared any deaths.
While this was possible, it also seemed to be awfully unlikely. By some calculations, this global pandemic killed one human being out of every twenty on earth. It was one of the greatest natural disasters ever, killing as many (or more) in four months than the Great War did in four years. It was a catastrophe on a par with the “Black Death,” or Native America’s population crash under European diseases. The Curtiss plant with its hundreds of overcrowded employees, and officials visiting from around the world, meant that the flu surely hit Hammondsport hard.
I later learned that information about the flu was often kept quiet — either because the whole thing was feared to be German biological warfare, or at least to prevent the enemy from learning how debilitated our forces might be.
Of course the Germans were suffering just as badly, and behaving with equal suspicion. This helps explain why the flu became Spanish. Spain was the only large neutral country in Europe, and so the only one without censorship — lots of flu news came from Spain, while everyone else was playing it close to the vest.
Also making it hard to sort out information is the fact that death certificates often specified pneumonia as the cause, which was functionally accurate, but ignores the fact that the pneumonia had been caused by the flu. The whole secrecy thing may also have encouraged pneumonia diagnoses.
Having had no luck in 1997 with the Hammondsport Herald, in 2014 I struck it rich with the Steuben Advocate, one of two weekly papers in Bath at the time and since merged with the Courier. Like today’s paper, the Advocate covered a wide circulation area, including Hammondsport.
There were two major spikes of the disease, one in early 1918 and another, even deadlier, in August through November. I looked particularly at the period which seemed worst locally — the issues of October 16, October 23, and October 30.
Screening out deaths from military causes, and deaths that were obviously not flu-related, I totted up the deaths reported in these three issues of the weekly paper, and I found deaths ascribed to:
Pneumonia 25
Influenza 14
Unstated 42
Or 81 deaths, not counting those excluded above. (In some cases these were local folks who had died elsewhere.)
By comparison, in 2014 the last three October issues of the Courier listed 11 deaths.
During this period of 1918 schools closed in Bath, Avoca, Corning, Hammondsport, Savona, and parts of Wheeler. Churches canceled services in Avoca, Corning, Prattsburgh, and South Bradford.
In Mount Morris, horse-drawn scrapers were digging graves for multiple burials. Dansville and Bath were reported as being hit hard.
Public places were closed in the Corning area, where about 3500 became ill and something like 70 died. Emergency hospitals were set up in Corning and Painted Post… the latter unit supervised by Ingersoll-Rand.
Hammondsport school children were ordered to stay on their own premises under pain of arrest. Quarantined families were kept alive by neighbors leaving food on doorstep. Churches and lodges were asked to close — BUT a suggestion to close saloons and pool rooms “met no response.” One newspaper grumpily observed that the government’s call to conserve coal conflicted with the government’s advice to keep warm and avoid the flu.
Although cases would continue for months, the worst outbreak tailed off so quickly it was almost bewildering… perhaps due as much to mutation in the virus as it was to the quarantine. By November 6, the Hammondsport flu quarantine was lifted (November 8 in Bath), just in time for jubilant crowds to celebrate the Armistice, on the eleventh day of that eleventh month.